Miscarriage: Why It Happens And How Best To Reduce Your Risks

Q: How common are miscarriages? Do you see it a lot in your practice?
A: Unfortunately miscarriages are extremely common.  They occur in one of every five pregnancies.  So although there are 4 million babies born in the United States each year, another one million couples undergo the emotional trauma of having a miscarriage. Having practiced obstetrics over the last 22 years I have seen thousands of couples go through miscarriages.  They occur so commonly, I generally see to 2 to 3 such couples a week.  No matter how sophisticated a woman and her partner may be, no matter how many healthy children they might already have, a miscarriage is always an extremely upsetting event.

Q: Are there different types of miscarriages?
A: Yes. The majority of miscarriages--60 percent or so--come about because of a miscombination of the chromosomes of the egg and sperm when they fuse at conception.  Four out of five times when the egg and sperm fuse a healthy embryo results.  One out of five times, however, the chromosomes of the egg and sperm don't combine correctly resulting in the embryo having abnormal chromosomes.

But there are other causes for miscarriage as well.  These range from abnormalities of a woman's reproductive organ--such as a uterus that has large fibroids--to hormonal inadequacy, infection, or harmful environmental influences.

Q: Is it useful to try to detect the specific cause for every miscarriage?
A: Since 60 percent of all miscarriages occur because of the accidental event of chromosomal miscombination, trying to find the "cause" of this random event will not help a couple avoid a similar outcome in a future pregnancy.  However, if there is some reason to suspect that another factor is at work--such as an anatomic, hormonal, environmental, infectious, or genetic abnormalit--then further testing is appropriate.  Such testing may enable a treatment to be found that can significantly increase the chances of the next pregnancy being successful.

Since women who have had three or more miscarriages are more likely than others to have a specific, nonrandom cause for their miscarriages, it is worthwhile for such women to undergo a comprehensive evaluation.  By so doing, a treatable cause for these recurrent miscarriages can often be found.

Q: Is there anything a woman can do during pregnancy to reduce her risk?
A: First of all, she should take several steps to prepare for becoming pregnant.  This means getting medical problems attended to, having dental work done, and making sure immunizations are up to date.

Second, she should make sure that while trying to get pregnant she is eating a healthy, well balanced diet and is getting some source of folic acid.  Taking a standard over-the-counter multivitamin tablet most easily does this.  Folic acid decreases the risk of spinal cord defects developing in the baby.

Third, a woman trying to conceive should reduce the amount of alcohol she consumes and stop smoking.  She should of course stop the use of all recreational drugs and consult her doctor before taking any medications other than Tylenol or antacids.

Fourth, all woman and their partners should inquire of family members about their genetic and family health histories.  In this way the possibility of any inheritable diseases can be uncovered and professional genetic counseling obtained if necessary.

Fifth, while trying to get pregnant and during pregnancy it is important to make sure that the environment in which a woman lives and works does not contain any noxious substances that might be harmful to the pregnancy.    While there are many more factors that contribute to reduced risk for miscarriage and that are discussed in my book, these are the most important ones.

Q: Will doctors ever find a way to prevent miscarriages?
A: The answer to this question depends on what kind of miscarriages we are discussing.  As far as the spontaneous, common miscarriage that occurs randomly because of miscombination of the chromosomes of the egg and sperm, the answer is probably no. On the other hand, miscarriages caused by anatomic problems, hormonal inadequacy, medical illnesses, or environmental factors are certainly amenable to being reduced or eliminated.

Q: What advice can you offer women who have suffered a miscarriage and are now scared about it happening in another pregnancy?
A: Your fears and concerns are entirely normal and appropriate. However as you learn more about miscarriages you will come to understand that the vast majority of women who go through 1, 2, or even more miscarriages do eventually go on to have as many healthy children as they want.  My advice to you is to find out as much about miscarriages as possible, consult with your doctor as to whether or not further testing makes sense for you, and then move on with the assurance that your next pregnancy is overwhelmingly likely to be a normal one resulting in the birth of a healthy baby.


Henry Lerner, M.D., OB/GYN is the author of Miscarriage: Why It Happens And How Best To Reduce Your Risks, and a graduate of Harvard Medical School. He has been an obstetrician/gynecologist for more than twenty years. He has appeared on "Nightline," "Larry King Live," and "Firing Line" and has been interviewed for magazines including Time and People. He lives in Newton, Massachusetts.

Whether it occurs in the first trimester or later in a pregnancy, a miscarriage is always an emotionally traumatic event, sometimes a physically daunting one, and all too often an isolating experience. Adding to the frustration and disappointment of the 800,000 women who miscarry every year, busy obstetricians often lack up-to-date or specific knowledge about the causes and consequences of this profound event. Into this fact-vacuum comes Miscarriage, a book that every physician will confidently recommend and that women hungry for information will seek out. From the chromosomal, illness-related, immunological, and genetic reasons for miscarriage to the diagnostic tests and surgical procedures now available, this authoritative guide reflects the latest medical information on why miscarriages do and don't happen and the best methodologies known for recovery and preparing to conceive again. Complete with stories from women who have miscarried and reassuring input from a female doctor, Miscarriage also provides substantive advice for coping with the anxiety and depression that often accompany the loss of pregnancy.

Please check-out You've Had A Miscarriage - What Now? by Henry Lerner, M.D., OB/GYN author of "Miscarriage: Why It Happens And How Best To Reduce Your Risks"