Pregnancy and Birth

• The following guidance is evidence based. • Developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health • Developed at October 2003, valid till 2007 • The grading scheme used for the recommendations (A, B, C, D, good practice point [GPP], and NICE 2002)

Condition in which the cervix fails to retain the conceptus during pregnancy. Cervix length less than?? Premature ripening of the cervix Definition

Doppler History • Fitzgerald & Drumm. Umbilical artery studies 1977 BMJ • Eik-Nes et al. Fetal aortic velocimetry: Dupplexscanner 1980 Lancet • Campbell et al. Utero-placental circulation: Dupplex scanner 1983 Lancet • Wladimiroff et al. MCA/UA PI ratio 1987 OG Kiserud et al. Ductus venosus velocimetry 1991 Lancet

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a. Deficiency: Iron, Folic A., Vitamin B12 b. Hemorrhagic: APH, Hookmworm c. Hereditary: Thalassemia, Sickle, H. Hemolotyic Anemia d. Bone Marrow Insufficiency: Aplastic Anemia e. Infections: Malaria, TB f. Chronic Renal Diseases or Neoplasm