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VMS and Menopause: KNDy Neurons, NK Receptors, and Practical Insights

Overview of KNDy neurons

KNDy neurons coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin (NK) B, and dynorphin genes. How does NKB play a role in hormonal reproduction and VMS specifically?

Panelists discuss how KNDy neurons and NK receptors contribute to vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in menopause and explore emerging nonhormonal therapies, including fezolinetant and elinzanetant, for effective symptom management.

Panelists discuss how KNDy neurons, which coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin genes, play a crucial role in hormonal reproduction and the development of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in menopause.

Panelists discuss how neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptors contribute to vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and how antagonism of NK3 receptors with drugs like fezolinetant can effectively reduce VMS, while also exploring the dual receptor action of elinzanetant, which blocks both NK1 and NK3 receptors to improve VMS and associated sleep disturbances.

VMS Symptoms and Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists

Panelists discuss how to simplify the physiology of KNDy neurons and neurokinin (NK) receptors for primary care physicians, explaining how NK3 antagonism reduces hot flashes, while NK1 antagonism helps alleviate sleep disturbances and night sweats, with fezolinetant and elinzanetant serving as key nonhormonal treatment options.

Neurokinin and Estrogen Balance in Menopausal Hot Flashes for Primary Care

Panelists discuss why a warning about serious liver injury was added to the prescribing information for fezolinetant following a postmarketing case of drug-induced liver injury, and review updated guidelines for baseline liver testing, recommended monitoring, symptoms indicating the need to discontinue the medication, and key points for addressing patient concerns about liver health.

Fezolinetant Guidelines and Emerging Data on Menopause and Liver Health

Panelists discuss why elinzanetant is likely to be associated with a lower risk of liver injury due to its distinct molecular structure compared to fezolinetant, and compare the adverse event profiles of the 2 drugs, highlighting that elinzanetant is more commonly associated with headache and fatigue while fezolinetant is linked to abdominal pain, diarrhea, insomnia, and back pain.

Molecular Comparison and Safety Profiles of Fezolinetant and Elinzanetant

Panelists discuss clinical trial data suggesting a small but higher incidence of endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy with fezolinetant, while no cases of endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy were observed with elinzanetant in a long-term safety study.

Malignancy Risks of Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists

Panelists discuss strategies for simplifying complex information for primary care physicians (PCPs), provide tips on how PCPs can effectively communicate evidence-based treatment options to patients, and outline actionable points and key takeaways to enhance patient care in managing menopause symptoms.

Guidance for PCPs: Streamlining Menopause Care

Panelists discuss alternative therapies for women who are not candidates for or choose not to use hormonal therapy, review nonhormonal treatment options recommended by the North American Menopause Society, and explore the growing importance of Level I evidence and consensus opinions in creating a more holistic view of available therapies, both hormonal and nonhormonal.

Nonestrogen Treatments for Menopause

Panelists discuss key considerations for women taking hormonal therapy, emphasizing the importance of individualized treatment plans and shared decision-making to evaluate the risk-benefit profile of therapy.

VMS Treatment Guidelines

Overview of KNDy neurons

EP: 1.Overview of KNDy neurons

EP: 2.VMS Symptoms and Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists

EP: 3.Neurokinin and Estrogen Balance in Menopausal Hot Flashes for Primary Care

EP: 4.Fezolinetant Guidelines and Emerging Data on Menopause and Liver Health

EP: 5.Molecular Comparison and Safety Profiles of Fezolinetant and Elinzanetant

EP: 6.Malignancy Risks of Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists

EP: 7.Guidance for PCPs: Streamlining Menopause Care

EP: 8.Nonestrogen Treatments for Menopause

EP: 9.VMS Treatment Guidelines