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There are several steps that each woman should take before she even tries to become pregnant. A visit to a gynecologist (or qualified internist) should occur at least three months before a couple is ready to conceive. During this visit, a full physical examination should be done.

I am 28 years old and I've been actively trying to get pregnant for the past 2 years. I recently underwent a laparoscopy by my gynecologist. She told me that I had minimal endometriosis, but that my ovaries and tubes looked normal. She told me that endometriosis is associated with infertility, but I don't really understand the connection.

My gynecologist recently told me that I have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and that I should try to lose weight before he gives me fertility medications. A friend told me that I should start taking a medicine to help lower my insulin levels. I'm confused about the connection between insulin and PCOS, and why I need to take an insulin-lowering medicine. I am 28 years old, and otherwise in good health.

I am a 34 year old woman that would like to have another child. I recently had surgery to remove my gallbladder and in the process there were pictures taken. I was told that my ovary is covered, all except one small area, by what looks like adhesions.

Human beings are remarkably fertile. Most females are capable of conceiving and bearing children beginning in their mid-teen years. While women in industrialized societies usually bear children in their 20s and 30s, women can give birth well into their 40s and beyond.

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Norma Larrea, of Mexico City, was 47 when she got osteoporosis. "I couldn't do my household chores and had pain throughout my body," she recalls. Her doctor did not diagnose osteoporosis. Eventually, after considerable suffering, a specialist in osteoporosis diagnosed her properly and treated her for the disease. Norma was lucky. Although her diagnosis was late, it came before she broke any bones.

How should you start searching for websites in the field of gynaecology? Of course, you could start at the FIGO website (http://www.figo.org), where there is much useful information. FIGO has 101 member societies, of which about 25 have their own websites at this moment.

The Internet has the potential to revolutionise the way we obtain and disseminate medical information. There is an enormous volume and variety of health-related information on the Internet [1, 2]. Some information available on the Internet about perinatology (aimed at professionals) is discussed here. We restrict ourselves mainly to websites for professionals in the English language.

The diagnostic sonography (ultrasound) profession is populated by technophiles. In general, people who gravitate to ultrasound are not afraid of technology or computers. For this reason alone, it is not surprising that sonographers and sonologists have flocked to use the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) for education, consultations and communications with colleagues across the globe.

There will be a time (perhaps sooner than one might think) that a practice website (or homepage) will be as normal, and as necessary, as telephone and fax nowadays.

Feasibility of laparoscopic myomectomy is now accepted even if the attention is still stressed on technical difficulties due to myoma location and size and difficulty in reapproximating the incision by laparoscopic suturing that requires perfect mastery of endoscopic suturing.

The objective of this manuscript is to study the pregnancy rate and the prognostic factors for conception after myomectomy carried out in cases of infertility.

A case of unicornuate uterus with cavitary non-communicating rudimentary horn suddenly revealing with acute abdomen is presented. The patient was managed by laparoscopic miniaccess hemihysterectomy.

Brief overview of human egg and embryo freezing. Discussion of merits of currently utilized cryopreservation protocols. Practical issues of cryopreservation with reference to egg or embryo selection, and thaw replacement protocols. Alternative cryopreservation technologies.

This article discusses the nature of infertility treatment and its relation to infertile couples' desires for multiple pregnancy, the special risks of iatrogenic multiple pregnancy (IMP), the informed consent process in assisted reproductive technology, and the ethical dilemma of IMP and methods for its resolution.

A 35-year-old nulliparous woman with a giant uterine myoma is described. During the past three years she had developed a intramural myoma and a subserous myoma. Although the lesions were excised, both reappeared and were treated with GnRH analogues for 6 months.

This video illustrates a technique for removing a large uterus during a Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site (LESS)/ single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) technique for total or supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy. A morcellator is used to remove the uterus in small pieces. This technique allows the entire procedure to be performed through one single incision in the belly-button. Patients can often go home the same day.

Over the past two decades, an epidemic of multiple pregnancies has taken place in the developed world due to the widespread use of assisted reproductive technology. The general public has come to accept the phenomenon of higher order multiple as being a normal occurrence, expecting a good outcome for both the fetuses and the mother.

Molecular Mechanisms in Uterine Epithelium during Trophoblast Binding:The Role of Small GTPase RhoA in Human Uterine Ishikawa Cells

The sperm penetration assay (SPA) is used to predict the fertilizing capacity of sperm. Thus, some programs rely on SPA scores to formulate insemination plans in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a relationship exists between SPA scores and polyspermy rates during conventional IVF cycles.

The publication of a report in Nature in 2004 by the Tilly group suggesting that mouse ovaries are capable of generating oocytes de novo post-natally, has sparked interest in a problem long thought to have been resolved from classical studies in a variety of mammalian species.

Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer amongst women world-wide. Despite optimized protocols, standard treatments still face several disadvantages. Therefore, research aims at the development of immune-based strategies using tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells for the induction of cellular anti-tumor immunity.

The safety and tolerability of a new highly purified, urine-derived human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) preparation [Menopur(R)] was compared with a currently available hMG [Repronex (R)] in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Central to any consideration of techniques in the IVF lab is the quality of the gametes that the lab has to work with. Usually there is little opportunity to modify the basic quality of sperm, however, the oocyte is a direct biological end product of ovarian super-ovulation as commonly conducted in human IVF therapy.

Suppose you want to find a good website about gynaecology and/or obstetrics and you try the search engine Google, you will get 1,060,000 hits for gynaecology and 1,260,000 for obstetrics. Both give as the first link www.obgyn.net, ‘the Universe of Women’s Health’.

When a graafian follicle ruptures to release an oocyte, it is transformed into a corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is lined by a layer of granulose cells which rapidly become vascularized; some of these thin-walled vessels can rupture. This causes bleeding into the corpus luteum, resulting in the formation of a hemorrhagic cyst of the ovary.

In 1935 Drs Stein and Leventhal described 7 women with irregular periods (oligomenorrhea), increased body hair (hirsutism) and obesity, who at the time of surgery were found to have enlarged ovaries with a smooth "pearly white" appearance.

The ubiquitous use of the World Wide Web to facilitate learning has been a benefactor of change, revolutionising the way in which education can be delivered and received. This technological advancement has woven together communities of learners and permitted access to huge repositories of information while eliminating distance as an obstacle to learning (Table I).

Dutch researchers find first evidence that female human embryos adjust the balance of X chromosomes before implantation in the womb. Results have implications for in vitro fertilisation and embryonic stem cell research